Solar cell experimental process

How efficient is a solar cell in open-air?

With the experimental planning guided by the BO framework with knowledge constraints, we achieved an 18.5%-efficient solar cell in open-air after optimizing six process variables for perovskite deposition, conducting 5 experimental rounds and screening 100 process conditions.

Can machine learning improve process optimization of perovskite solar cells?

Developing a scalable manufacturing technique for perovskite solar cells requires process optimization in high-dimensional parameter space. Herein, we present a machine learning (ML)-guided framework of sequential learning for manufacturing the process optimization of perovskite solar cells.

How does a perovskite solar cell work?

The area of each perovskite solar cell is 0.21 cm 2, which is defined by the stencil mask during Ag deposition. This process flow results in a p-i-n solar cell structure, with seven-layer stacks illuminated through the substrate: glass/ITO/NiO x /Cs 0.17 FA 0.83 PbI 3 /C 60 /BCP/Ag.

How effective is spray deposited perovskite solar cells?

According to a recent review paper on spray-deposited perovskite solar cells, 32 this PCE is comparable with the highest-efficiency devices fabricated by spray deposition in the open air (18.5%) 33 and in the N 2 glove box (19%). 34 Visual inspection of the perovskite films was done after depositing the perovskite layer with RSPP.

Can ml be used to develop a scalable manufacturing technique for perovskite solar cells?

Although it has been shown for RSPP, the ML framework can be broadly used for accelerated development of manufacturing technologies for perovskite PVs. Developing a scalable manufacturing technique for perovskite solar cells requires process optimization in high-dimensional parameter space.

Can a sequential learning framework improve process optimization of perovskite solar cells?

In this work, a new sequential learning framework—BO with knowledge constraints—was used for the process optimization of perovskite solar cells, which intelligently incorporated the previous data from preliminary optimization experiments and researchers’ visual evaluation of perovskite film quality.